The advent of all‐optical modulation format conversion techniques has fundamentally reshaped modern optical communications. These techniques enable the direct manipulation of optical signals in their ...

Bit Error Rate Simulation Using 16 QAM Technique in Matlab In this paper, the authors introduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) simulation using 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in Matlab. Bit error ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...