Self-report questionnaires must be psychometrically sound, but also brief and efficient to avoid participant nonresponse and fatigue, especially in the health and prevention sciences. Meta-heuristics ...

The heuristic function \(\eta_{ij} \left( t \right)\) was calculated based on the distance and angle from the current node to the target node. It makes path search more directional. A pheromone ...

For the past three decades Deborah Gordon has devoted herself to studying ant colonies in the Arizona desert. Although her chosen subject – the red harvester ant – isn’t much to look at, when they ...