Optimal control problems are mathematical formulations used to determine control strategies that yield a desired outcome while minimising a prescribed cost function. In many applications, these ...

Inverse optimal control (IOC) is an advanced methodological framework that seeks to deduce the underlying cost or reward functions based solely on the observation of optimal behaviour. Traditionally, ...

Existing ship control systems using Model Predictive Control for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) do not consider the various forces acting on ships in real sea conditions. Addressing this gap ...