Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) when coupled with its ligands programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), functions as a ‘braking system’ within the immune system.

More than 50 years ago, cells were observed to die during insect development via a process that was named 'programmed cell death'. Later, a similar cell death process was found to occur in humans, and ...

I’d like to begin by describing the difference between programmed thinking and lateral thinking. Programmed thinking is the process of using structured methodologies and/or logical algorithmic ...