Most environments where assignment mechanisms (possibly random) areused are such that participants have outside options. For instance private schools and private housing are options that participants ...

Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute through Cancer Center Support Grant P30CA016672 to The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. P.M. and E.B.L.

I study the relative academic performance of students tracked or randomly assigned to South African university dormitories. Tracking reduces low-scoring students’ GPAs and has little effect on ...