The paper synthesizes global experiences and key lessons in the regulation and supervision of cyber risk in the financial ...

Our eLibrary offers over 25,000 IMF publications in multiple formats. The COVID-19 pandemic is inflicting high and rising human costs worldwide, and the necessary protection measures are severely ...

While Botswana achieved strong post-independence growth supported by prudent macroeconomic management and diamond revenues, economic performance has weakened over the past two decades, with slower ...

Historically, Aruba benefited from population growth that expanded the labor force, thereby boosting productivity and ...

A mission was undertaken in Beirut, Lebanon, from September 2 to 4, 2025, by the IMF Middle East Regional Technical ...

The Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) faces severe challenges due to its vulnerability to climate change and natural ...

Botswana faces mounting macroeconomic risks from intensifying climate trends and fiscal strain from electricity subsidies.

Climate change is macro-critical to Andorra: with (mostly winter) tourism accounting for one third of its economy, Andorra is ...

Botswana faces growing fiscal challenges driven by declining diamond revenues, rigid expenditure, and weakened fiscal ...

Housing affordability is an increasing social and economic concern for Andorra. Changing demographics and increasing real ...

Sea-level rise presents long-term risks in Aruba that can lead to sizable permanent costs with potentially large ...

Notes: These representative exchange rates, which are reported to the Fund by the issuing central bank, are expressed in terms of currency units per U.S. dollar, except for those indicated by (1) ...