The Roman Civil War (49–45 BCE) began because Rome was divided between two political orientations: the Populares, who appealed to the people and supported reforms (led most famously by Julius Caesar), and the Optimates, the conservative senatorial elite who defended traditional power (supported by men like Cato and eventually Pompey). Caesar and Pompey had once been allies in the First Triumvirate, but after Crassus and Caesar’s daughter Julia died, Pompey moved toward the Optimates, who feared

Parker Gordon on Instagram: "⚓ A Young Julius Caesar and the Cilician Pirates | 75 BC Always open to critiques of my Latin translations and pronunciations. Date note (why 75 BC): Caesar was born in 100 BC, and ancient sources describe his capture occurring when he was about 25 years old while sailing to Rhodes to study oratory after military service in Asia Minor. Aligning these details, historians place the event around 75 BC, as supported by Plutarch (Life of Caesar 2–3) and Suetonius (Divus J